Linux Containers

sudo apt upgrade && sudo apt autoremove
sudo snap install lxd --channel=6.1/stable
sudo usermod -aG lxd ${USER}

sudo snap start lxd
sudo snap stop lxd
sudo snap logs lxd

Initial Setup

sudo lxd init :' Would you like to use LXD clustering? (yes/no) [default=no]: Do you want to configure a new storage pool? (yes/no) [default=yes]: Name of the new storage pool [default=default]: lxd-btrfs-pool-aa Name of the storage backend to use (btrfs, ceph, dir, lvm, powerflex) [default=btrfs]: Create a new BTRFS pool? (yes/no) [default=yes]: Would you like to use an existing empty block device (e.g. a disk or partition)? (yes/no) [default=no]: Size in GiB of the new loop device (1GiB minimum) [default=30GiB]: 100GiB Would you like to connect to a MAAS server? (yes/no) [default=no]: Would you like to create a new local network bridge? (yes/no) [default=yes]: What should the new bridge be called? [default=lxdbr0]: What IPv4 address should be used? (CIDR subnet notation, “auto” or “none”) [default=auto]: 10.20.0.1/24 Would you like LXD to NAT IPv4 traffic on your bridge? [default=yes]: What IPv6 address should be used? (CIDR subnet notation, “auto” or “none”) [default=auto]: none Would you like the LXD server to be available over the network? (yes/no) [default=no]: Would you like stale cached images to be updated automatically? (yes/no) [default=yes]: Would you like a YAML "lxd init" preseed to be printed? (yes/no) [default=no]: yes ' lxc image ls images:debian bookworm $(dpkg --print-architecture) lxc image ls images:ubuntu noble $(dpkg --print-architecture) lxc image ls images:alpine 3.20 $(dpkg --print-architecture) lxc image ls images:opensuse 15.6 $(dpkg --print-architecture) lxc image ls images:archlinux current $(dpkg --print-architecture) lxc image ls lxc storage ls lxc network ls lxc ls

config: {} networks: - config: ipv4.address: 10.20.0.1/24 ipv4.nat: "true" ipv6.address: none description: "" name: lxdbr0 type: "" project: default storage_pools: - config: size: 100GiB description: "" name: lxd-btrfs-pool-aa driver: btrfs storage_volumes: [] profiles: - config: {} description: "" devices: eth0: name: eth0 network: lxdbr0 type: nic root: path: / pool: lxd-btrfs-pool-aa type: disk name: default projects: [] cluster: null

Management

lxc image list images: ubuntu amd64
lxc image list images: ubuntu arm64
lxc image list images: ubuntu

lxc launch images:alpine/3.20 academia --vm lxc launch images:alpine/3.20 academia lxc restart academia lxc start academia lxc stop academia

lxc launch images:opensuse/15.6 agronomy --vm lxc launch images:opensuse/15.6 agronomy lxc restart agronomy lxc start agronomy lxc stop agronomy

lxc launch images:apertis/v2020 robotics lxc launch images:apertis/v2021 robotics lxc restart robotics lxc start robotics lxc stop robotics

lxc list -c nsS
lxc list

lxc exec academia -- su --login chorke
lxc exec academia -- /bin/sh
lxc exec academia sh
lxc console academia

download from container to host
lxc file pull academia/etc/hosts ./

upload into container from host
lxc file push -r ~/.ssh/ academia/root/.ssh/
lxc file push ~/.ssh/known_hosts academia/root/.ssh/

lxc stop academia && lxc delete academia
lxc delete academia --force

manipulate remote images
lxc image refresh ubuntu:21.04
lxc image delete ubuntu:21.04
lxc image show ubuntu:21.04
lxc image edit ubuntu:21.04

manipulate local images
lxc image delete 97c97f4a1d2d
lxc image delete a7b1071c0609

Create Alias

lxc launch images:alpine/3.20 academia && cat <<'EXE' | lxc exec academia -- sh sleep 5 apk --update add --no-cache curl \ openjdk21-jre; java -version EXE create alias: lxc stop academia lxc publish academia --alias\ alpine/3.20:curl:java create alias from snapshot: lxc snapshot academia curl:java && lxc publish academia/curl:java --alias\ alpine/3.20:curl:java lxc delete academia launch alias: lxc launch alpine/3.20:curl:java academia && lxc exec academia sh lxc stop academia && lxc delete academia	lxc launch images:opensuse/15.6 agronomy && cat <<'EXE' | lxc exec agronomy -- bash sleep 5 zypper install -y curl java-21-openjdk java -version EXE create alias: lxc stop agronomy lxc publish agronomy --alias\ opensuse/15.6:curl:java create alias from snapshot: lxc snapshot agronomy curl:java && lxc publish agronomy/curl:java --alias\ opensuse/15.6:curl:java lxc delete agronomy launch alias: lxc launch opensuse/15.6:curl:java agronomy && lxc exec agronomy bash lxc stop agronomy && lxc delete agronomy	lxc launch images:oracle/9 economia && cat <<'EXE' | lxc exec economia -- bash sleep 5 dnf install -y curl java-11-openjdk java -version EXE create alias: lxc stop economia lxc publish economia --alias\ oracle/9:curl:java create alias from snapshot: lxc snapshot economia curl:java && lxc publish economia/curl:java --alias\ oracle/9:curl:java lxc delete economia launch alias: lxc launch oracle/9:curl:java economia && lxc exec economia bash lxc stop economia && lxc delete economia
lxc launch images:fedora/40 robotics && cat <<'EXE' | lxc exec robotics -- bash sleep 5 dnf install -y curl java-21-openjdk java -version EXE create alias: lxc stop robotics lxc publish robotics --alias\ fedora/40:curl:java create alias from snapshot: lxc snapshot robotics curl:java && lxc publish robotics/curl:java --alias\ fedora/40:curl:java lxc delete robotics launch alias: lxc launch fedora/40:curl:java robotics && lxc exec robotics bash lxc stop robotics && lxc delete robotics	lxc launch images:ubuntu/noble/desktop software --vm && cat <<'EXE' | lxc exec software -- bash sleep 5 apt-get install -y curl openjdk-21-jre java -version EXE create alias: lxc stop software lxc publish software --alias\ ubuntu/24.04:curl:java create alias from snapshot: lxc snapshot software curl:java && lxc publish software/curl:java --alias\ ubuntu/24.04:curl:java lxc delete software launch alias: lxc launch ubuntu/24.04:curl:java software && lxc exec software bash lxc stop software && lxc delete software	lxc launch images:archlinux travelia && cat <<'EXE' | lxc exec travelia -- sh sleep 5 pacman --noconfirm -S curl jre21-openjdk java -version EXE create alias: lxc stop travelia lxc publish travelia --alias\ archlinux:curl:java create alias from snapshot: lxc snapshot travelia curl:java && lxc publish travelia/curl:java --alias\ archlinux:curl:java lxc delete travelia launch alias: lxc launch archlinux:curl:java travelia && lxc exec travelia sh lxc stop travelia && lxc delete travelia

Knowledge

lxc list snap info lxd journalctl -xe snap revert lxd snap list --all lxd sudo snap remove lxd journalctl -u snap.lxd.daemon systemctl reload snap.lxd.daemon systemctl status snap.lxd.daemon	troubleshoot network sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -vn icmp sudo nmcli c up System\ eth0 ps uax | grep systemd-udev ps aux | grep dnsmasq ip addr flush ip addr show ip a ip r	sudo snap install lxd sudo snap install lxd --channel=3.0/stable sudo snap install lxd --channel=4.0/stable sudo snap install lxd --channel=5.0/stable sudo groupadd --system lxd sudo usermod -G lxd -a $USER newgrp lxd mount | grep cgroup systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=0 cat /var/snap/lxd/common/lxd/logs/lxd.log
sudo apt update && sudo apt list --upgradable sudo apt upgrade && sudo apt autoremove sudo apt install snapd sudo zfs list -t all sudo ps fauxww sudo lxd.migrate sudo lxd init --auto sudo lxd init lxc remote list lxc image list	lxc image list images: lxc image list images: alpine lxc image list images: alpine arm64 lxc image list images: alpine amd64 lxc image list images: debian lxc image list images: debian arm64 lxc image list images: debian amd64 lxc image list images: oracle lxc image list images: oracle arm64 lxc image list images: oracle amd64	lxc image list images: ubuntu lxc image list images: ubuntu arm64 lxc image list images: ubuntu amd64 sudo ls -la /var/snap/lxd/common/lxd/images/ sudo cat /var/snap/lxd/common/lxcfs.pid sudo systemctl stop snap.lxd.daemon sudo apt install zfsutils-linux sudo lxc --verbose --debug list sudo lxd --debug --group lxd sudo ps fauxww | grep lx
lxc launch images:alpine/3.17 academia lxc snapshot academia install:curl lxc snapshot academia install:java lxc info academia	lxc launch images:opensuse/15.3 agronomy lxc snapshot agronomy install:curl lxc snapshot agronomy install:java lxc info agronomy	lxc launch images:ubuntu/22.04 software lxc snapshot agronomy install:curl lxc snapshot agronomy install:java lxc info software
sudo snap refresh lxd --channel=latest sudo snap refresh lxd --channel=stable lxc --version lxd --version ls -lah /etc/dnsmasq.d-available/lxd/ ls -lah /etc/dnsmasq.d/lxd/	LXD_BRIDGE_IP=$(ip addr show lxdbr0 | awk '/inet / {print $2}' | cut -d '/' -f 1) cat << EOF | sudo tee /etc/dnsmasq.d-available/lxd >>/dev/null server=/lxd/${LXD_BRIDGE_IP} EOF sudo ln -s /etc/dnsmasq.d-available/lxd /etc/dnsmasq.d/lxd sudo rm -f /etc/dnsmasq.d/lxd

References

Coexistence of Hypervisor, Docker & LXD Linux Containers Cloud Init Installing snap on Ubuntu Getting Started with LXC Docker on Windows Docker Compose Installing snapd Docker vs. LXC Podman Docker	PC2PC Online Share Sync Link Net Bridge Cable SSH into another computer over USB Wi-Fi Hotspot (Access Point mode) Ubuntu install LXD Snap Store LXD cluster on Raspberry Pi 4 USB 2.0 Data Link Cable LXD command hangs LXD purge and install Install Alpine on LXD Linux Cloud Init	Running virtual machines with LXD LXD bridge doesn’t work with IPv4 Containers unable to ping outside LXD » Install a Windows 11 VM Snap » Service management CentOS/8 unable to get IPv4 Close a frozen SSH Snap remove LXD LXC CGroupV2
Linux Kernel VirtualBox Multipass Proxmox Vagrant MAAS Snap CIDR UFW Juju